Morabito, D. M., Boffa, J. W., Bedford, C. E., Chen, J. P. & Schmidt, N. B. Hyperarousal symptoms and perceived burdensomeness interact to predict suicidal ideation among trauma-exposed individuals. J. Psychiatr. Res. 130, 218–223 (2020).
Skeffington, P. M., Rees, C. S. & Mazzucchelli, T. Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder within fire and emergency services in Western Australia. Aust. J. Psychol. 69, 20–28 (2017).
Lee, J. H., Lee, D., Kim, J., Jeon, K. & Sim, M. Duty-related trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms in professional firefighters. J. Trauma Stress 30, 133–141 (2017).
Kyron, M. J. et al. Mental health and wellbeing of Australian police and emergency services employees. Arch. Environ. Occup. health 77, 282–292 (2022).
Jetelina, K. K., Molsberry, R. J., Gonzalez, J. R., Beauchamp, A. M. & Hall, T. Prevalence of mental illness and mental health care use among police officers. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e2019658–e2019658 (2020).
Carleton, R. N. et al. Mental disorder symptoms among public safety personnel in Canada. Can. J. Psychiatry 63, 54–64 (2018).
Pacella, B. J. et al. Trajectory of adjustment difficulties following disaster: 10-year longitudinal cohort study. BJPsych Open 10, e57 (2024).
Brand, R. M. et al. Understanding the early support needs of survivors of traumatic events: The example of severe injury survivors. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy 10, 376 (2018).
Colizzi, M., Lasalvia, A. & Ruggeri, M. Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care?. Int. J. Ment. Health Syst. 14, 23 (2020).
Arjmand, H.-A. et al. Improving mental health service and practice for police: a qualitative assessment. Traumatology 31, 252–261 (2025).
Deady, M. et al. Designing smartphone mental health applications for emergency service workers. Occup. Med. 67, 425–428 (2017).
Gan, D. Z., McGillivray, L., Han, J., Christensen, H. & Torok, M. Effect of engagement with digital interventions on mental health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Digital Health 3, 764079 (2021).
Philippe, T. J. et al. Digital health interventions for delivery of mental health care: systematic and comprehensive meta-review. JMIR Ment. Health 9, e35159 (2022).
Pace, T. W. et al. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an app-based meditation intervention to decrease Firefighter psychological distress and burnout: a one-group pilot study. JMIR Form. Res. 6, e34951 (2022).
Tan, L. et al. Web-based mind-body tactical resilience training program for first responders: pre-post study assessing feasibility, acceptability, and usability. JMIR Form. Res. 7, e40145 (2023).
Linardon, J., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Messer, M. & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. The efficacy of app-supported smartphone interventions for mental health problems: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry 18, 325–336 (2019).
Marshall, J. M., Dunstan, D. A. & Bartik, W. Apps with maps—anxiety and depression mobile apps with evidence-based frameworks: systematic search of major app stores. JMIR Ment. Health 7, e16525 (2020).
Sarsar, E. D., Zeiders, K. H., Pace, T. W. W., Cook, S. H. & Hoyt, L. T. Pilot testing in app-based meditation intervention among firefighters during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychoneuroendocrinology 131, 105515 (2021).
Wielgosz, J. et al. Clinical benefits of self-guided mindfulness coach mobile app use for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomized control trial. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy 17, 1117–126 (2024).
Bröcker, E., Suliman, S., Olff, M. & Seedat, S. Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of web-based and mobile PTSD Coach: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 14, 2209469 (2023).
O’Donnell, M. L. et al. An open label pilot study of a brief psychosocial intervention for disaster and trauma survivors. Front. Psychiatry 11, 483 (2020).
Cowlishaw, S. et al. Improving mental health following multiple disasters in Australia: a randomized controlled trial of the Skills for Life Adjustment and Resilience (SOLAR) programme. Eur. J. Psychotraumat. 14, 2284032 (2023).
Gibson, K. et al. Piloting a scalable, post-trauma psychosocial intervention in Tuvalu: the Skills for Life Adjustment and Resilience (SOLAR) program. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 12, 1948253 (2021).
Lotzin, A. et al. The SOLAR group program to promote recovery after disaster and trauma—A randomized controlled feasibility trial among German trauma survivors. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy 14, 161 (2022).
Beyondblue. Answering the Call: National Survey. (Beyondblue, 2018).
Harvey, S. B. et al. The mental health of fire-fighters: an examination of the impact of repeated trauma exposure. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 50, 649–658 (2016).
Linardon, J. et al. Current evidence on the efficacy of mental health smartphone apps for symptoms of depression and anxiety. A meta-analysis of 176 randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry 23, 139–149 (2024).
Firth, J. et al. The efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry 16, 287–298 (2017).
Firth, J. et al. Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Affect. Disord. 218, 15–22 (2017).
Goreis, A., Felnhofer, A., Kafka, J. X., Probst, T. & Kothgassner, O. D. Efficacy of self-management smartphone-based apps for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Neurosci. 14, 3 (2020).
Davis, J. P. et al. Effects of a mobile mindfulness smartphone app on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and alcohol use problems for veterans: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 93, 96 (2025).
Deady, M. et al. Preventing depression using a smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol. Med. 52, 457–466 (2022).
Deady, M. et al. Naturalistic evaluation of HeadGear: a smartphone app to reduce depressive symptoms in workers. Behav. Therapy 56, 529-542 (2025).
Metcalf, O. et al. Design, development and randomised controlled trial protocol of a smartphone-delivered version of ‘SOLAR’for emergency service workers to manage stress and trauma. BMJ Open 13, e062710 (2023).
Borghouts, J. et al. Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 23, e24387 (2021).
Torous, J., Lipschitz, J., Ng, M. & Firth, J. Dropout rates in clinical trials of smartphone apps for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 263, 413–419 (2020).
Kessler, R. C. et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol. Med. 32, 959–976 (2002).
Harris, P. A. et al. A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J. Biomed. Inf. 42, 377–381 (2009).
Harris, P. A. et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software partners. J. Biomed. Inf. 95, 103208 (2019).
Eisenstadt, M., Liverpool, S., Infanti, E., Ciuvat, R. M. & Carlsson, C. Mobile apps that promote emotion regulation, positive mental health, and well-being in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Ment. Health 8, e31170 (2021).
Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 67, 361–370 (1983).
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K. & Domino, J. L. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. J. Trauma. Stress 28, 489–498 (2015).
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M. & Williams, L. J. Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. J. Vocat. Behav. 56, 249–276 (2000).
Kessler, R. C. et al. The world health organization health and work performance questionnaire (HPQ). J. Occup. Environ. Med. 45, 156–174 (2003).
Devilly, G. J. & Borkovec, T. D. Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 31, 73–86 (2000).
Troncoso, P. & Morales-Gómez, A. Estimating the complier average causal effect via a latent class approach using gsem. Stata J. Promot. Commun. Stat. Stata. 22, 404–415 (2022).