Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M. & Horwood, L. J. Recurrence of major depression in adolescence and early adulthood, and later mental health, educational and economic outcomes. Br. J. Psychiatry 191, 335–342 (2007).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child Family Health et al. Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: translating developmental science into lifelong health. Pediatrics 129, e224–e231 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kieling, C. et al. Worldwide prevalence and disability from mental disorders across childhood and adolescence: evidence from the global burden of disease study. JAMA Psychiatry 81, 347–356 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Thapar, A., Eyre, O., Patel, V. & Brent, D. Depression in young people. Lancet 400, 617–631 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Gili, M. et al. Mental disorders as risk factors for suicidal behavior in young people: a meta-analysis and systematic review of longitudinal studies. J. Affect. Disord. 245, 152–162 (2019).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Viner, R. M. et al. Adolescence and the social determinants of health. Lancet 379, 1641–1652 (2012).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Annual 2022 Global Climate Report. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202307 (2023).

Obradovich, N., Migliorini, R., Paulus, M. P. & Rahwan, I. Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 10953–10958 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Mitchell, A., Maheen, H. & Bowen, K. Mental health impacts from repeated climate disasters: an Australian longitudinal analysis. Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac. 47 (2024).

Watts, N. et al. The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. Lancet 391, 581–630 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

UNICEF. A threat to progress: confronting the effects of climate change on child health and well-being. https://www.unicef.org/media/159341/file/A_Threat_to_Progress_190824%20EN.pdf (2024).

UNICEF. Almost half a billion children live in areas experiencing at least twice as many extremely hot days as their grandparents, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/almost-half-billion-children-live-areas-experiencing-least-twice-many-extremely-hot (2024).

O’Neill, M. S. & Ebi, K. L. Temperature Extremes and Health: Impacts of Climate Variability and Change in the United States. J. Occupat. Environ. Med. 51, 13–25 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Martin, G., Reilly, K., Everitt, H. & Gilliland, J. A. Review: the impact of climate change awareness on children’s mental well-being and negative emotions—a scoping review. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 27, 59–72 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Albrecht, G. et al. Solastalgia: the distress caused by environmental change. Australas. Psychiatry 15, S95–S98 (2007).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Palinkas, L. A. & Wong, M. Global climate change and mental health. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 32, 12–16 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kovats, R. S. & Hajat, S. Heat stress and public health: a critical review. Annu. Rev. Public Health 29, 41–55 (2008).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Pfautsch, S., Wujeska-Klause, A. & Walters, J. Outdoor playgrounds and climate change: Importance of surface materials and shade to extend play time and prevent burn injuries. Build. Environ. 223, 109500 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Mullins, J. T. & White, C. Temperature and mental health: evidence from the spectrum of mental health outcomes. J. Health Econ. 68, 102240 (2019).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Yablonskiy, D. A., Ackerman, J. J. H. & Raichle, M. E. Coupling between changes in human brain temperature and oxidative metabolism during prolonged visual stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7603–7608 (2000).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

McMorris, T. et al. Heat stress, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 61, 204–215 (2006).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Thompson, R. et al. Ambient temperature and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet. Health 7, e580–e589 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, J. et al. Is there an association between hot weather and poor mental health outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Int. 153, 106533 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Morgan, R. L. et al. GRADE: Assessing the quality of evidence in environmental and occupational health. Environ. Int. 92-93, 611–616 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Page, M. J. et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372, n71 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D. & Patton, G. C. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 2, 223–228 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Hwong, A. R. et al. Climate change and mental health research methods, gaps, and priorities: a scoping review. Lancet Planet. Health 6, e281–e291 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

National Toxicology Program US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health. OHAT Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/ohat/pubs/riskofbiastool_508.pdf (2015).

Guyatt, G. H. et al. What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians?. BMJ 336, 995 (2008).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rooney, A. A., Boyles, A. L., Wolfe, M. S., Bucher, J. R. & Thayer, K. A. Systematic review and evidence integration for literature-based environmental health science assessments. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 711–718 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A. & Borm, G. F. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 14, 25 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

World Health Organization. Adolescent health: Overview, https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 (2025).

Borenstein, M. Avoiding common mistakes in meta-analysis: Understanding the distinct roles of Q, I-squared, tau-squared, and the prediction interval in reporting heterogeneity. Res. Synth. Methods 15, 354–368 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J. & Altman, D. G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327, 557 (2003).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M. & Minder, C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315, 629 (1997).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Sedgwick, P. Meta-analyses: how to read a funnel plot. Br. Med. J. 346, f1342 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Stata Statistical Software: Release 17 (Stata Corp. 2021).

Basu, R., Gavin, L., Pearson, D., Ebisu, K. & Malig, B. Examining the association between apparent temperature and mental health-related emergency room visits in California. Am. J. Epidemiol. 187, 726–735 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Villeneuve, P. J. et al. Daily changes in ambient air pollution concentrations and temperature and suicide mortality in Canada: Findings from a national time-stratified case-crossover study. Environ. Res. 223, 115477 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Bernstein, A. aron et al. Warm season and emergency department visits to U.S. Children’s Hospitals. Environ. Health Perspect. 130, 017001 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Chan, E. Y. Y. et al. Association between Ambient Temperatures and Mental Disorder Hospitalizations in a Subtropical City: A Time-Series Study of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15, 754 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

da Silva, I., de Almeida, D. S., Hashimoto, E. M. & Martins, L. D. Risk assessment of temperature and air pollutants on hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders in Curitiba, Brazil. Environ. Health 19, 79 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Isaksen, T. B. et al. Increased mortality associated with extreme-heat exposure in King County, Washington, 1980–2010. Int. J. Biometeorol. 60, 85–98 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Niu, Y. et al. Short-term effect of apparent temperature on daily emergency visits for mental and behavioral disorders in Beijing, China: a time-series study. Sci. Total Environ. 733, 139040 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Parks, R. M. et al. Anomalously warm temperatures are associated with increased injury deaths. Nat. Med. 26, 65–70 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Zhou, Y. et al. The role of extreme high humidex in depression in chongqing, China: a time series-analysis. Environ. Res. 222, 115400 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, S. et al. Effect of increasing temperature on daily hospital admissions for schizophrenia in Hefei, China: a time-series analysis. Public Health 159, 70–77 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zhou, Q. et al. Immediate and delayed effects of environmental temperature on schizophrenia admissions in Liuzhou, China, 2013–2020: a time series analysis. Int. J. Biometeorol. 68, 843–854 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Trang, P. M., Rocklöv, J., Giang, K. B., Kullgren, G. & Nilsson, M. Heatwaves and hospital admissions for mental disorders in Northern Vietnam. PLoS One 11, e0155609 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Nitschke, M., Tucker, G. R. & Bi, P. Morbidity and mortality during heatwaves in metropolitan Adelaide. Med. J. Aust. 187, 662–665 (2007).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kim, Y. et al. Suicide and ambient temperature in East Asian countries: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 75–80 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Niu, L. et al. Temperature and mental health–related emergency department and hospital encounters among children, adolescents and young adults. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 32, e22 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rahman, M. M. et al. Ambient temperature and air pollution associations with suicide and homicide mortality in California: A statewide case-crossover study. Sci. Total Environ. 874, 162462 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, S. et al. The effect of temperature on cause-specific mental disorders in three subtropical cities: a case-crossover study in China. Environ. Int. 143, 105938 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Cohen, G. et al. Daily temperature variability and mental health-related hospital visits in New York State. Environ. Res. 257, 119238 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

He, W.-Q. et al. Extreme heat stress and unplanned hospital admissions. Pediatrics 155, e2024068183 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ndovu, A. et al. Spatial variation in the association between extreme heat events and warm season pediatric acute care utilization: a small-area assessment of multiple health conditions and environmental justice implications in California (2005–2019). Environ. Health Perspect. 133, 017010 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Zhong, Z. et al. The impact of different types of extreme temperature events on mental disorders: a case-crossover study in Anhui Province, China. Environ. Res. 277, 121526 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Stowell, J. D. et al. Warm-season temperatures and emergency department visits among children with health insurance. Environ. Res. Health 1, 015002 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Komulainen, K. et al. Climatic exposures in childhood and the risk of schizophrenia from childhood to early adulthood. Schizophr. Res. 248, 233–239 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Xu, Y., Wheeler, S. A. & Zuo, A. Will boys’ mental health fare worse under a hotter climate in Australia?. Popul. Environ. 40, 158–181 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hu, J. et al. Associations of exposure to heatwaves with depression and anxiety among adolescents: a cross-sectional study of the Chinese adolescent health survey. J. Affect. Disord. 387, 119499 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Runkle, J. D. et al. Assessing the impact of heatwaves on emergency visits for major depression and suicidal ideation in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PLOS Ment. Health 2, e0000444 (2025).

Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Florido Ngu, F., Kelman, I., Chambers, J. & Ayeb-Karlsson, S. Correlating heatwaves and relative humidity with suicide (fatal intentional self-harm). Sci. Rep. 11, 22175 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rother, H.-A. et al. Impact of extreme weather events on Sub-Saharan African child and adolescent mental health: the implications of a systematic review of sparse research findings. J. Clim. Change Health 5, 100087 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Uibel, D., Sharma, R., Piontkowski, D., Sheffield, P. E. & Clougherty, J. E. Association of ambient extreme heat with pediatric morbidity: a scoping review. Int. J. Biometeorol. 66, 1683–1698 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Fung, K. Y., Krewski, D., Chen, Y., Burnett, R. & Cakmak, S. Comparison of time series and case-crossover analyses of air pollution and hospital admission data. Int. J. Epidemiol. 32, 1064–1070 (2003).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Bhaskaran, K., Gasparrini, A., Hajat, S., Smeeth, L. & Armstrong, B. Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology. Int. J. Epidemiol. 42, 1187–1195 (2013).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Maclure, M. & Mittleman, M. A. Should we use a case-crossover design?. Annu. Rev. Public Health 21, 193–221 (2000).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Haines, A. et al. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: overview and implications for policy makers. Lancet 374, 2104–2114 (2009).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Reed, A., Henning, B., Cortes Espinosa, M., McKinley, H. & Busch Isaksen, T. Building community resilience to extreme heat: Lessons learned from Spokane, WA community conversations. Environ. Res. Health 2, 045007 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Johar, H. et al. Community-based heat adaptation interventions for improving heat literacy, behaviours, and health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet Planet. Health 9, 101207 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ahdoot, S. et al. Climate change and children’s health: building a healthy future for every child. Pediatrics 153, e2023065504 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Hyndman, B. & Zundans-Fraser, L. Determining public perceptions of a proposed national heat protection policy for Australian schools. Health Promotion J. Aust. 32, 75–83 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bitsko, R. H. Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2013–2019. MMWR Suppl. 71, 1–42 (2022).

Marrast, L., Himmelstein, D. U. & Woolhandler, S. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care for children and young adults: a national study. Int. J. Health Serv. 46, 810–824 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Reiss, F. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Soc. Sci. Med. 90, 24–31 (2013).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Bathiany, S., Dakos, V., Scheffer, M. & Lenton, T. M. Climate models predict increasing temperature variability in poor countries. Sci. Adv. 4, eaar5809 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Benz, S. A. & Burney, J. A. Widespread race and class disparities in surface urban heat extremes across the United States. Earth’s. Future 9, e2021EF002016 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gronlund, C. J. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in heat-related health effects and their mechanisms: a review. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 1, 165–173 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rakesh, A. et al. Extreme heat: a global call to action. Bull. World Health Organ. 103, 466 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Comments are closed.