A large-scale study has identified associations between the dietary intake of certain minerals and the likelihood of developing common mental health conditions. Published in the Journal of Affective Disorders, the research found that individuals with higher intakes of iron, selenium, and manganese were less likely to be diagnosed with certain disorders over time. The findings also point to a correlation between high calcium intake and an increased likelihood of developing depression and anxiety.
Mental health conditions represent a significant and growing global health challenge, affecting hundreds of millions of people and impacting economies worldwide. In light of this, researchers are exploring a range of strategies to support mental well-being, including nutritional science. The brain requires a steady supply of essential nutrients to function properly, and minerals play fundamental roles in many of its most basic processes, from producing energy in cells to facilitating communication between neurons.
Prior research had already pointed to connections between individual minerals and mental health. For instance, iron is necessary for producing neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers that regulate mood, while magnesium helps modulate the activity of the nervous system. Deficiencies in minerals like zinc and selenium have been linked to depressive symptoms and cognitive decline. However, many previous studies were limited by small sample sizes or designs that only captured a snapshot in time, making it difficult to establish clear patterns.
A team of researchers from Xi’an Jiaotong University in China sought to address these limitations. They aimed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of how the intake of twelve different minerals relates to the risk of six different mental disorders over a long period.
To conduct their investigation, the scientists utilized data from the UK Biobank, a major biomedical database containing health information from over half a million participants. They focused on a group of nearly 200,000 individuals who had no diagnosed mental disorders at the beginning of the study. Each participant’s dietary habits were assessed using detailed 24-hour food questionnaires completed on multiple occasions, allowing the researchers to estimate their average daily intake of twelve essential minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and selenium.
The research team then followed these individuals for a median period of 13 years, tracking their health records to identify new diagnoses of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or incidents of suicide. Using statistical models, they analyzed the relationship between the participants’ baseline mineral intake and their subsequent risk of developing one of these conditions.
These models were adjusted to account for a wide range of other factors that could influence mental health, such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, and pre-existing physical health conditions like diabetes or heart disease.
The analysis revealed several distinct associations between mineral consumption and mental health outcomes. Higher intake of iron, magnesium, and selenium was each associated with a lower risk of developing depression. Specifically, individuals with the highest intake of iron had about a 12 percent lower risk compared to those with the lowest intake. In contrast, higher consumption of calcium was linked to an increased risk of both depression and anxiety. People in the highest calcium intake group had an approximately 10 percent higher risk of depression and a 15 percent higher risk of anxiety.
The study also identified links for other conditions. A higher intake of manganese was associated with a reduced risk of suicide, and greater consumption of zinc appeared to be protective against PTSD. The researchers found no statistically significant associations between any of the twelve minerals and the risk of developing schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. These primary findings remained largely consistent even after the scientists performed additional analyses to ensure the results were robust.
The team also explored whether these associations differed based on sex or age. They found that the protective associations of iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and selenium against depression were more pronounced in women than in men. Similarly, the links between higher potassium, magnesium, and copper intake and a lower risk of depression were stronger in participants aged 55 or younger compared to their older counterparts. These subgroup findings suggest that demographic factors may influence the relationship between nutrition and mental health.
In another test of their results, the researchers re-ran their analysis after excluding individuals who already had chronic diseases at the start. In this “healthy” population, some of the initial findings were no longer statistically significant. For example, the connections between calcium and depression, and between several minerals and anxiety, became weaker. This suggests that the presence of other health conditions might play a part in how dietary minerals affect mental health risk.
The study provides a comprehensive look at the complex interplay between dietary minerals and mental illness, but the researchers note some important limitations. Because the study was observational, it can only identify associations; it cannot prove that mineral intake directly causes or prevents any mental disorder. It is possible that other unmeasured lifestyle factors could be involved. Additionally, the study population from the UK Biobank is predominantly white and generally healthier than the average population, so the findings may not be applicable to everyone.
Future research will be needed to confirm these findings in more diverse populations and to explore the biological mechanisms behind these associations. Understanding exactly how minerals like calcium and iron influence brain pathways related to mood could eventually lead to more targeted nutritional recommendations for mental health. For now, the study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that a balanced diet, with adequate intake of a wide range of essential minerals, may be an important component of maintaining psychological well-being.
The study, “Associations of dietary mineral intakes with the risk of six common mental disorders: A prospective cohort study,” was authored by Weixuan Da, Meijuan Kang, Hanchi Wang, Lina Qin, Yue Che, Yijia Li, Tingting Mao, Jin Feng, Bolun Cheng, Huan Liu, Yumeng Jia, Li Liu, Yan Wen, and Feng Zhang.